Mu gihe winjira mu isi y’ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi (EVs)—waba ushaka kugura, gukodesha, cyangwa kwinjira mu ishoramari ryabyo—ni ngombwa cyane ko usobanukirwa neza sisitemu zitandukanye zitwara ibi binyabiziga bigezweho. Twifatanye mu gusobanura ibyiciro by’ingenzi bigena isura y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, kandi tumenye icyatuma buri cyiciro kiba impinduramatwara.
Imodoka zikoresha bateri gusa (Battery Electric Vehicles, BEVs) ni zo nyirabayazana nyakuri b’ihinduramatwara ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, zikunze kwitwa all-electric vehicles. Izi modoka zidasanzwe zikora gusa zishingiye ku bateri zikomeye zitanga ingufu ku mashini z’amashanyarazi (electric motors), kandi zishobora kongera kwishyurwa byoroshye zihuza n’isoko y’amashanyarazi yo hanze. Ikintu cyiza cyane? BEVs ntizisohora imyuka ihumanya mu muyoboro w’inyuma (zero tailpipe emissions), bigatuma ziba amahitamo akomeye ku bashoferi bita ku bidukikije. Zimwe mu modoka zizwi cyane muri iki cyiciro harimo Tesla Model S ifite ubwiza n’ubuhanga buhanitse, Nissan Leaf yizewe kandi ikoresha ingufu neza, ndetse na Chevrolet Bolt EV ifite ubushobozi bwinshi.
Imodoka zivanze amashanyarazi n’ibitoro (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, PHEVs) zo zitanga ihuriro ryiza hagati y’amashanyarazi n’ibitoro. Imodoka zivanze amashanyarazi n’ibitoro (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, PHEVs) zo zitanga ihuriro ryiza hagati y’amashanyarazi n’ibitoro. Zihuza moteri y’amashanyarazi n’imashini isanzwe ikoresha ibitoro (internal combustion engine, ICE). PHEVs zifite bateri nini kurusha iz’imodoka zisanzwe za hybrid, kandi zishobora kongera kwishyurwa zihuza n’isoko y’amashanyarazi. Zishobora kugenda mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi gusa mu ntera nto, hanyuma zikiyambaza uburyo bwa hybrid igihe bateri irangiye. Ubu buryo butanga ubwinyagamburiro bwo kugenda mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi mu rugendo rugufi, ariko ugakomeza kugira amahitamo yo gukoresha ibitoro mu ngendo ndende. Urugero rw’imodoka zizwi muri iki cyiciro ni Toyota Prius Prime ifite udushya, Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid yateguwe ku ngendo z’ubutwari, ndetse na Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in Hybrid yita ku bidukikije.
Imodoka zivanze amashanyarazi n’ibitoro (Hybrid Electric Vehicles, HEVs) ni ihuriro ridasanzwe ry’udushya, kuko zihuza imbaraga za moteri y’amashanyarazi n’imashini isanzwe ikoresha ibitoro (internal combustion engine, ICE) mu buryo bukora neza cyane. Ugereranyije n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gusa, HEVs zifite bateri nto zidateganyirijwe kwishyurwa zihuza n’isoko y’amashanyarazi. Ahubwo, zongera kwishyurwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwo gufata ingufu ziba zigiye gupfa ubusa igihe imodoka igabanya umuvuduko (regenerative braking). Ubu buhanga butuma moteri y’amashanyarazi ifasha ICE mu buryo bworoshye, bigatuma imodoka ikoresha lisansi neza kandi igakora neza kurushaho. Ariko ni ngombwa kumenya ko HEVs zidateganyirijwe gukora ingendo ndende zishingiye gusa ku mashanyarazi. Imodoka zizwi cyane muri iki cyiciro zirimo Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, na Ford Fusion Hybrid.
Imodoka zikoresha seli za hydrogen (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, FCEVs) zo zifite uburyo bushya butangaje: zikoresha hydrogen fuel cells zitanga amashanyarazi akoresha moteri y’amashanyarazi. Ibisohoka byazo? Amazi gusa mu buryo bwa umwuka w’amazi (water vapor), bigatuma FCEVs ziba amahitamo meza cyane ku bashoferi bita ku bidukikije. Kuzuzuza lisansi yazo biroroshye nk’uko umuntu ashyiramo lisansi isanzwe, ahubwo hakifashishwa hydrogen gas. Nubwo zibarirwa mu cyiciro cy’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, uburyo bwihariye bwo kubyara ingufu nibwo butuma zigaragara nk’izidasanzwe. Urugero rugaragara ni Toyota Mirai na Hyundai Nexo.
Mu gusoza, kumenya itandukaniro riri mu buryo izi modoka zitanga ingufu kandi zongera kwishyurwa ni ingenzi ku muntu wese ushaka guhitamo neza. BEVs ni imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi gusa, PHEVs zihuza amashanyarazi n’ibitoro mu buryo butanga ubwinyagamburiro, HEVs zihuza byombi ariko ntizishobora kwishyurwa zihuza n’isoko y’amashanyarazi, naho FCEVs zikoresha hydrogen mu kubyara amashanyarazi. Uko uru rwego rukomeje gutera imbere, haragaragara ikizere cy’udushya n’ikoranabuhanga rishya: kuva ku bateri zishobora kugenda intera ndende kandi zikishyurwa vuba, kugeza ku mashini y’amashanyarazi akora neza kurushaho. Ahazaza h’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi harasa neza kandi hasezeranya impinduka zikomeye. Kunoza uburyo bwo kurengera ibidukikije no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya bizatuma abaguzi n’abacuruzi bafata ibyemezo byubaka muri uru rwego ruri guhinduka ku muvuduko mwinshi
