Umutepe w’Ibyoherezwa Hanze – Gutandukanya Amasezerano n’Ibihugu by’Amahanga n’Iterambere ry’Igihugu [1/2]

Binyuze mu Masezerano ya Washington yongeye guhuzwa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC) byashyize mu bikorwa Amasezerano y’Ubufatanye Bukomeye (SPA) agamije guha ishoramari ry’Abanyamerika amahirwe yihariye yo kugera ku mabuye y’agaciro akize kurusha ayandi ku isi ya kombe (shaba), kobaliti, na litiyumu. Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi Ubushinwa bwihariereye agace k’amabuye y’agaciro ka Katanga, kwinjira mu bucuruzi kwa Washington kwazanye imiterere y’imari itarigera ibaho mbere.

Ubufatanye Bukomeye hagati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na RDC n’Ikirenge cy’Ibigo by’Ubucuruzi

Kugeza ubu, ibyemezo bitatu by’ubucuruzi bishyigikiwe na Amerika byashyizeho amasezerano aziguye yo gukora n’ubuyobozi bwa Kongo ndetse n’ikigo cya leta gicukura amabuye y’agaciro cya Gécamines:

• Virtus Minerals Consortium : Yarangije kwegukana ikigo gikora mu RDC cyitwa Chemaf—ubu bukaba ari bwo buryo bwa mbere bw’ubucuruzi bukozwe mu miterere ya SPA. Bishyigikiwe n’igiciro cy’ifatizo cy’ibanze cy’ayezewe miliyoni 30 z’amadolari, miliyoni 600 z’amadolari y’ishamiro ryo gufata neza imyenda, na miliyoni 300 z’amadolari y’ishkamiro ryo kwagura imishinga, Virtus yabonye ububasha ku mushinga ugiye kuzura wa Mutoshi ndetse n’icukuriro rikora rya Etoile, ritezereweho kuzana umusaruro uvanze ugera ku matoni 75 000 ya kombe na 25 000 ya kobaliti ya hajidarogisayidi buri mwaka.
• Orion Critical Mineral Consortium (Orion CMC) : Ikora nk’ishoramari rihuriweho n’abikorera n’inzego za leta rishyigikiwe n’inkunga iziguye igera kuri miliyoni 900 z’amadolari ivuye mu Kigo cy’Imari cy’Iterambere Mpuzamahanga cya Amerika (DFC), Orion CMC yasinye amasezerano y’ibanze (MOU) yo kwegukana 40% by’imigabane nshingwabikorwa mu mabuye y’agaciro akomeye ya Glencore: Mutanda Mining (Mumi) na Kamoto Copper Company (KCC), ihagarariye agaciro k’amasezerano gasaga miliyari 3.6 z’amadolari.
• KoBold Metals : Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi gikoresha Ubwenge bw’Artifisiyari (AI) cyo muri Silicon Valley, gishyigikiwe n’imfashanyo zikomeye z’ikoranabuhanga, cyabonye impushya 13 z’ubushakashatsi ku buso bwa 3 000 km² muri Lualaba n’Haut-Katanga, cyemera gukoresha miliyoni 50 z’amadolari mu bushakashatsi bw’ibanze ndetse n’amafaranga y’impushya arindwa n’amategeko yishyuwe mu Kigega cya Leta cya RDC.

Icy’ingenzi cyane, uku kwaguka k’ibigo gushyigikiwe n’Ikigo cy’Imidamu n’Ibyoherezwa Hanze cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (EXIM) binyuze mu buryo bwacyo bwa miliyari 10 z’amadolari bwitwa “Project Vault”, hamwe n’ugugabanya ingaruka kuziguye gutangwa na DFC ku muhanda mugari w’imyubakire utambuka inyanja wa Lobito.

Imiterere y’« Amabuye y’Agaciro ku Bw’Umutekano »: Uko Ububiko bw’Imitungo Ikomeye Bukora

Mu nkingi z’iyi miterere y’ubucuruzi hari uburyo bwihariye bw’« amabuye y’agaciro ku bw’umutekano » bushingiye ku Bubiko bw’Imitungo Ikomeye (SAR) bwagenwe. Mu masezerano yaganiriweho hagati ya Washington na Kinshasa, ubuyobozi bwa RDC bwagena amabuye y’agaciro amwe na amwe adasangiwe cyangwa ari mu bufatanye aho ibigo by’Abanyamerika bihagirira:

• Uburenganzira bwemewe bwo guhabwa amahirwe ya mbere ku mpushya zitatanzwe;
• Imiterere y’imigabane myinshi mu bufatanye hamwe n’ikigo cya leta gicukura amabuye y’agaciro cya Gécamines; ndetse
• N’igihe cy’imyaka 10 cy’ituze ry’imisoro kirinda ishoramari ry’amahanga ku izamurwa ry’imisoro y’amabuye y’agaciro yemewe n’amategeko.

Mu kugarura, Kinshasa ihabwa gushyigikirwa mu rwego rwa dipolomasi, guhuza umutekano binyuze mu buryo bw’ubugenzuzi bwasangiwe, n’inkunga z’imari zigamije gushimangira umutekano mu bice by’uburasirazuba bw’igihugu. Abashyigikiye ubu buryo bavuga ko iyi miterere ikoresha umutungo ukomeye w’Iburengerazuba mu kubaka imihanda y’ingendo ikomeye, nka gari ya moshi ya Lobito itambuka muri Angola.

Nyamara, abashakashatsi b’amategeko n’amatsinda y’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta—cyane cyane mu birego byashyikirijwe Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rya RDC—bavuga ko kuboha igihugu gifite intege nke mu masezerano atagize uburinganire byangiza ubusugire bw’igihugu, bikazanira bamwe amahirwe atari amwe y’imisoro, kandi bikagabanya ubugenzuzi bw’inteko ishinga amategeko ku mutungo kamere mu gihe kizaza.

Imyerekere y’Imbere vs Ukuri kw’Inje: PNSD 2024–2028 n’Itegeko ry’Isubirwamo ry’Imirimo

Ingaruka nkuru y’Amasezerano y’Ubufatanye Bukomeye—kimwe n’impushya z’amahanga zayabanjirije—ni iremwa ry’« ubukungu bw’akajagari (enclave economy) ». Mu buryo bw’ubukungu bw’akajagari, ibice by’icukurira bikora nk’ibirwa byitandukanyije bifitanye isano iziguye n’ibigo by’amahanga bitunganya amabuye binyuze mu mihanda yagenewe ibyoherezwa hanze, bitandukanye rwose n’ubukungu bw’imbere mu gihugu buyikije.

« Iyo itangwa ry’umutungo ukomeye rikozwe inje y’icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’imbere mu gihugu, biba bishobora kurema ibice by’icukurira bifitanye isano iziguye n’izina ry’amahanga mu gihe bitandukanyije n’ubukungu bw’igihugu. »

Uku gukora gutandukanye cyane n’imfashanyigisho z’ubuyobozi bwa RDC z’iterambere ry’igihugu:

• Plan National Stratégique de Développement (PNSD 2024–2028 / Vision 2050) : Icyerekezo gikuru cy’ubukungu cya Kinshasa gitegeka neza kuva mu byoherezwa hanze by’amabuye y’agaciro mabisi bijya mu gutunganyiriza amabuye mu nganda z’imbere mu gihugu, iterambere ry’ibyanya by’inganda byihariye (Parcs Industriels), n’ugukora kw’akarere.
• Urwunge rw’Agaciro k’Imbere mu Gihugu & Ingo z’Imbaraga z’Ibinyabiziga (Batteries) : Bishyigikiwe na UNECA, RDC yatangije Ikigo cy’Ubuziranenge mu Bushakashatsi bw’Ingo z’Imbaraga (CEIB) kuri Kaminuza ya Lubumbashi mu kubaka ubushobozi bw’igihugu bwo gutunganya ibikoresho by’ingo z’imbaraga z’ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi (EV).
• Itegeko ry’Isubirwamo ry’Imirimo (ARSP) : Munsi y’Itegeko ry’Amabuye y’Agaciro ryo mu 2018, Ikigo Gishinzwe Kugenzura Isubirwamo ry’Imirimo mu Nzego z’Abikorera (ARSP) rihagarara ku mategeko aharira amasezerano y’imirimo yo hagati, gufata neza, ibikoresho, n’ubwubatsi ibigo bifitwe n’Abacongomani ku bwengi bwinshi.

Iyo amasezerano y’amabuye y’agaciro ashyize imbere uburenganzira bwo gufata amabuye mabisi ako kanya nta gutunganya amabuye kw’imbere mu gihugu gutegetswe cyangwa gushaka abaguzi b’imbere, basenya neza amategeko ya PNSD na ARSP, banyaga ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse (SMEs) by’Abacongomani amasezerano y’inganda afite agaciro kanyeshyamba.

Icyerekezo cy’Abashinwa: Amasomo ya Sicomines Atagize Uburinganire

Ingaruka z’ubu buryo bw’ibyoherezwa hanze si izo mu magambo gusa; zigaragazwa n’amateka ya vuba ya RDC n’ishoramari rya Leta y’Ubushinwa.

Uhereye mu 2008, amasezerano ya Sicomines y’« amabuye y’agaciro ku bw’imyubakire » yabonye ihuriro ry’ibigo bya leta y’Ubushinwa bihana uburenganzira bw’amabuye y’agaciro ku mfaranga y’imyubakire ya miliyari 3 z’amadolari. Mu gihe ibigo by’Abashinwa byahise byiharia hafi 70% kugeza kuri 80% by’umusaruro wa kombe na kobaliti bya Kongo, ubugenzuzi bwose bukozwe n’Ikigo Gikuru cy’Ubugenzuzi bw’Imari (IGF) bwa RDC bwazanye ubusumbane bukomeye:

• Ubusumbane bw’Imari : Abafanyatanye b’Abashinwa bacukuye amabuye y’agaciro mabisi atatunganyijwe asaga miliyari 10 z’amadolari, mu gihe batanze gusa imyubakire y’abaturage yuzuye iri hagati ya miliyoni 822 na miliyari 1.2 z’amadolari.
• Kwitandukanya kw’Imihanda : Imishinga y’imyubakire yubatswe munsi y’amasezerano yarebaga cyane itangwa ry’amashanyarazi (nka rugomero rw’amashanyarazi rwa Busanga) n’imihanda y’ingendo yagenewe gusa gukuraho inkomyi z’ibyoherezwa hanze by’icukuriro, aho kwagura amashanyarazi mu cyaro cyangwa ubucuruzi bw’imbere mu ntara.
• Guhunga Isubirwamo ry’Imirimo : Abakora b’Abashinwa bakunze kurenganya amategeko ya ARSP y’agaciro k’imbere mu gihugu bishingikirije ku mivandimwe y’ibigo byabo n’inganda z’inje y’igihugu, bitandukanya abubatsi n’abatanga serivisi b’Abacongomani n’urwunge rw’agaciro k’amabuye y’agaciro.

Munsi y’ubu buryo, hafi 90% by’amabuye y’agaciro mabisi atatunganyijwe rya Kongo yoherezwa ziguye mu bigo bitunganyiriza amabuye byo muri Aziya y’Iburasirazuba. Ingaruka zaryo, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ikusanya gusa imisoro y’ifatizo y’icukurira, mu gihe ibigo by’amahanga byegukana agaciro kenshi k’inganda.

Uku kusumbana kwasunze Perezida Félix Tshisekedi gusaba isubirwamo ry’amasezerano mu ntangiriro z’2024, amaherezo abona icyemezo cy’imyubakire gishya cya miliyari 7 z’amadolari. Inararibonye ya Sicomines ishimangira isomo ryingenzi: nta gushyira hamwe kw’imbere mu gihugu gukomeye, amasezerano y’amabuye y’agaciro ahinduka inzira z’icukurira zisiga igihugu cyakiriye ishoramari gifite ubutaka bwayanze n’imyubakire itabayeho.